不同程度初级膝内翻对前交叉韧带重建术后早期疗效的影响研究 (2024)

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  • Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi
  • v.38(7); 2024 Jul
  • PMC11252691

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不同程度初级膝内翻对前交叉韧带重建术后早期疗效的影响研究 (1)

Link to Publisher's site

Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2024 Jul; 38(7): 823–829.

PMCID: PMC11252691

PMID: 39013819

Language: Chinese | English

富继 任, 疆 吴, 栋 赵, 蕊 王, and 竞敏 黄不同程度初级膝内翻对前交叉韧带重建术后早期疗效的影响研究 (2)*

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Abstract

目的

探讨不同程度初级膝内翻对前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)重建术后早期膝关节功能和稳定性的影响。

方法

回顾性分析2020年1月—2021年12月收治且符合选择标准的160例合并初级膝内翻患者临床资料,均采用自体单束腘绳肌初次重建ACL。根据髋-膝-踝角(hip-knee-ankle angle,HKA)将患者分为3组,A组(0°~3°)64例、B组(3°~6°)55例、C组(6°~9°)41例。3组患者除HKA差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)外,年龄、性别、侧别、身体质量指数、受伤至手术时间以及术前膝关节Kellgren-Lawrence分级、胫骨平台后倾角、合并半月板损伤构成比、Tegner评分、Lysholm评分、国际膝关节文献委员会(IKDC)客观评分、前抽屉试验、Lachman试验、轴移试验及健、患侧胫骨最大前移程度差值(side-to-side difference,SSD)等基线资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。末次随访时,通过前抽屉试验、Lachman试验、轴移试验和 SSD评估关节稳定性;使用Tegner评分、Lysholm评分和IKDC客观评分评估关节功能。

结果

3组术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。患者均获随访,随访时间24~31个月,平均26个月;A、B、C组随访时间差异无统计学意义(Z=0.675,P=0.714)。末次随访时,各组膝关节稳定性以及功能检测指标均较术前改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);3组间前抽屉试验、Lachman试验、轴移试验、SSD变化值以及Lysholm评分变化值、Tegner评分变化值和IKDC客观评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。3组患者Kellgren-Lawrence分级、HKA与术前一致。

结论

初级膝内翻不会影响ACL重建术后早期膝关节稳定性和功能恢复,且不同程度膝内翻间疗效无明显差异。

Keywords: 膝内翻, 前交叉韧带, 单束重建, 早期疗效

Abstract

Objective

To investigate whether different degrees of primary varus knee affect joint function and stability in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.

Methods

A clinical data of 160 patients with primary varus knee, who were admitted between January 2020 and December 2021 and met the selection criteria, was retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent primary ACL reconstruction using autologous single-bundle hamstring tendon. Patients were divided into three groups based on the hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA): group A (64 patients with HKA 0°-3°), group B (55 patients with HKA 3°-6°), and group C (41 patients with HKA 6°-9°). Except for the significant difference in HKA among the three groups (P<0.05), baseline data such as age, gender, affected side, body mass index, interval between injury and operation, Kellgren-Lawrence grading, posterior tibial slope, proportion of combined meniscal injuries, Tegner score, Lysholm score, and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) objective score, anterior drawer test, Lachman test, pivot shift test, and the results of KT1000 (side-to-side difference, SSD) showed no significant difference (P>0.05). At last follow-up, joint stability was assessed through the anterior drawer test, Lachman test, pivot shift test, and SSD; joint function was evaluated using the Tegner score, Lysholm score, and IKDC objective score.

Results

All incisions in the three groups healed by first intention after operation. All patients were followed up 24-31 months, with an average of 26 months; there was no significant difference in the follow-up time among the three groups (Z=0.675, P=0.714). At last follow-up, the knee stability and functional assessment indicators in each group significantly improved when compared to preoperative ones (P<0.05); there was no significant difference among the three groups (P>0.05) in terms of the anterior drawer test, Lachman test, pivot shift test, IKDC objective scores, and the changes of the Lysholm scores and Tegner scores. The Kellgren-Lawrence grading and HKA at last follow-up were consistent with preoperative results in the three groups.

Conclusion

Varying degrees of primary varus knee do not affect early knee joint stability and functional recovery after ACL reconstruction, and there is no significant difference in effectiveness between different degrees of varus knee.

Keywords: Varus knee, anterior cruciate ligament, single-bundle reconstruction, short-term effectiveness

膝内翻是下肢常见畸形类型,Noyes等[1]将其分为初级、双向和三向3种类型,其中初级膝内翻是指单纯由股骨与胫骨机械轴对位形成的固定骨性内翻力线。前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)断裂患者如合并膝内翻,不仅会导致关节不稳定,还会增加ACL重建术后移植物应力,从而导致移植物失效率增加[2-3]。这与此类患者行走时内收力矩较大有关[4],患者行走过程中在足跟接触地面后的早期阶段,较大内收力矩可能导致内翻推力(内翻thrust)[5],进而增加ACL移植物张力,最终导致移植物失效。

胫骨高位截骨术(high tibial osteotomy,HTO)是临床常用的膝内翻矫正术式,旨在重新分布膝关节应力,纠正下肢力线[6-10]。为了保护重建ACL移植物,对于合并双向、三向膝内翻的ACL断裂患者,强调ACL重建同时行HTO矫正内翻力线[111]。但是对于初级膝内翻患者是否需要联合HTO矫正内翻力线尚未明确。有研究报道对于伴有内侧间室骨关节炎的初级膝内翻患者,ACL重建联合HTO在改善骨关节炎症状同时,恢复了膝关节前向稳定性,获得良好疗效[12]。但也有生物力学研究提示初级膝内翻不一定对ACL功能缺陷的膝关节产生影响[2]。而且联合HTO增加了手术风险,延长患者术后康复时间,还存在截骨部位愈合问题,远期益处尚不清楚。为此,我们进行了一项回顾性研究,通过比较伴有不同程度初级膝内翻的ACL重建患者术后早期关节稳定性和功能,进一步明确其对ACL重建术后早期疗效的影响,为分析联合HTO必要性提供参考。报告如下。

1. 临床资料

1.1. 一般资料

纳入标准:① 年龄16~50岁;② MRI检查示ACL完全断裂;③ 双下肢全长X线片提示膝内翻,髋-膝-踝角(hip-knee-ankle angle,HKA)0°~9°;④ 膝关节有明显前向和/或旋转不稳定,Lachman试验[13]或前抽屉试验[14]≥2+;⑤ 初次ACL重建;⑥ 采用同侧自体腘绳肌腱单束重建;⑦ 无症状性膝关节骨关节炎,Kellgren-Lawrence分级≤2级;⑧ 术后随访至少24个月。

排除标准:① 合并需要手术的膝关节其他韧带损伤;② 合并外侧盘状半月板撕裂;③ 合并无法修复的外侧半月板后根部损伤;④ 合并多关节松弛;⑤ 胫骨平台后倾角≥15°;⑥ 合并下肢其他关节功能障碍;⑦ 神经肌肉疾病史;⑧ 双下肢不等长;⑨ ACL重建联合截骨矫形手术;⑩ ACL重建联合内/外侧半月板全部切除。

2020年1月—2021年12月,共160例患者符合选择标准纳入研究。根据HKA将患者分为3组,其中A组(0°~3°)64例、B组(3°~6°)55例、C组(6°~9°)41例。 3组患者除HKA差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)外,年龄、性别、侧别、身体质量指数、受伤至手术时间以及术前膝关节Kellgren-Lawrence分级、胫骨平台后倾角、合并半月板损伤构成比、Tegner评分、Lysholm评分[15]、国际膝关节文献委员会(IKDC)客观评分[16]、前抽屉试验、Lachman试验、轴移试验及健、患侧胫骨最大前移程度差值(side-to-side difference,SSD)[14]等基线资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1

表 1

Comparison of baseline data between groups

3组基线资料比较

基线资料
Baseline data
A组(n=64)
Group A (n=64)
B组(n=55)
Group B (n=55)
C组(n=41)
Group C (n=41)
统计量
Statistical value
P
P value
年龄(x±s,岁)28.33±7.8928.07±7.4427.90±7.90F=0.0400.961
性别(男/女,例)39/2533/2225/16χ2=0.0140.993
侧别(左/右,例)35/2929/2621/20χ2=0.1260.939
身体质量指数 [MQ1Q3),kg/m222.10(20.95,24.20)21.80(20.75,23.65)22.60(20.80,23.90)Z=0.4730.789
受伤至手术时间 [MQ1Q3),月]2.75(1.00,6.50)3.50(1.50,7.00)3.50(1.50,6.00)Z=0.7830.676
术前HKA [MQ1Q3),°]2.50(1.95,2.85)4.70(3.80,5.25)7.10(6.50,7.80)Z=139.266<0.001
术前Kellgren-Lawrence分级(0/1/2/3/4,例)35/17/12/0/029/14/12/0/020/12/9/0/0Z=0.4800.975
术前胫骨平台后倾角(x±s,°)8.11±1.638.24±1.378.18±1.40F=0.1210.886
合并半月板损伤(是/否,例)24/4020/3516/25χ2=0.0540.817
术前Lysholm评分 [MQ1Q3),分]53.0(30.0,69.0)55.0(45.0,66.0)55.0(40.0,61.0)Z=0.5500.760
术前Tegner评分 [MQ1Q3),分]5.0(4.0,6.0)5.0(5.0,6.0)5.0(4.5,5.5)Z=1.3820.501
术前IKDC客观评分(A/B/C/D,例)0/3/53/80/4/41/100/4/31/6Z=1.8980.754
术前前抽屉试验(−/1+/2+/3+,例)0/8/54/20/5/48/20/4/34/3Z=1.5300.822
术前Lachman试验(−/1+/2+/3+,例)0/0/60/40/0/46/90/0/37/4Z=3.2300.199
术前轴移试验(−/1+/2+/3+,例)
0/19/45/00/15/40/00/11/30/0Z=0.1310.937
术前SSD [MQ1Q3),mm]4.74(4.02,5.30)4.74(3.98,5.26)4.85(4.11,5.39)Z=1.0650.587

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1.2. 手术方法

持续硬膜外麻醉联合蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉或全身麻醉下,患者取仰卧位,全程于止血带下操作,术侧止血带水平放置挡板,以便术中外翻患膝打开内侧间隙探查内侧半月板。取髌前内、外侧入路,首先关节镜顺序探查髌上囊、内/外侧间室以及交叉韧带,确认ACL完全断裂,清理部分髌下脂肪,注意保留ACL胫骨残端。评估并记录关节内软骨及半月板损伤情况;对髁间窝狭窄或撞击者(20例)行髁间窝成形术。

自体腘绳肌腱制备:屈膝90°,作长约2 cm胫骨结节内侧切口,切开皮肤下组织及深筋膜,于胫骨结节内侧纵形切开鹅足腱部分止点,钳夹向上掀开。用直角钳分别取股薄肌腱和半腱肌腱,并用细纱布条标记,用止血钳钳夹防止回缩;从止点处将2条肌腱分离,用组织剪切断侧腱束,充分游离肌腱后,用闭环取腱器顺序切取股薄肌腱和半腱肌腱;处理肌腱,去除肌肉组织,2号爱惜康线(强生公司,美国)编织肌腱两端。

股骨隧道制备:用刨削刀和汽化仪清理髁间窝外侧壁,充分暴露,将股骨定位器经前内侧低位入路置入,参考股骨外髁后软骨缘最高点,用电钻打入克氏针,然后沿克氏针打入4.5 mm空心钻。穿透股骨外侧骨皮质,测深尺测量隧道全长并估算袢长后,根据肌腱移植物直径(8~9 mm)沿导针钻取合适长度的相应直径骨隧道;然后沿导针引入1条5号爱惜康线。清理骨隧道与关节内骨屑。

胫骨隧道制备:调整ACL胫骨定位器角度50°,从前内侧入路置入,内口中心定位于外侧半月板前角中部延长线、内侧髁间嵴下坡处;上定位导杆、打入定位导针,关节镜下确认骨隧道角度、位置准确后,沿导针钻取胫骨隧道并测量长度。同时处理合并的内、外侧半月板损伤;A、B、C组行内侧半月板成形7、5、3例,缝合修复8、9、7例;外侧半月板成形5、7、2例,缝合修复22、19、13例。

将5号爱惜康线尾端从胫骨隧道内拉出,选用合适长度的固定袢钛板(EndoButton;施乐辉公司,美国),将制备的2条自体肌腱移植物穿入袢环内,并用5号爱惜康线引入隧道,翻袢固定后行膝关节屈伸活动测试并确认等长性良好,伸直时前方及外侧无撞击。屈膝30° 拉紧肌腱移植物、插入导丝,后推应力下应用可吸收干预螺钉(Milago;强生公司,美国)固定,门形钉(Arthrex公司,美国)固定骨隧道外肌腱。

1.3. 术后处理

术后麻醉效果消退后,患者即开始踝泵、直腿抬高运动,预防股四头肌萎缩及下肢深静脉血栓形成。第2天在铰链支具伸直位保护下行走和站立;未作半月板缝合修复患者可开始部分负重,否则延迟至2周后开始负重。铰链支具固定12周;术后2周内睡觉时膝关节0° 位支具固定,白天清醒状态下可去除支具,适度放松以避免膝关节僵硬。术后4周内膝关节活动范围限制在0°~90°,6~8周恢复全角度活动范围,12周内避免下蹲、跑步活动,12周后可行慢跑、自由步行和骑自行车等低水平运动。术后2、4、8周及3、6、12、24个月定期随访,行功能评分并指导康复锻炼。

1.4. 疗效评价指标

术前及末次随访时,行双下肢全长站立位X线片检查,测量HKA。采用前抽屉试验、Lachman试验、轴移试验以及KT-1000测量仪(MEDmetric 公司,美国)[14]测量SSD,评估关节稳定性;Tegner评分、Lysholm评分[15]和IKDC客观评分[16]评估关节功能;计算SSD以及功能评分手术前后差值(变化值)进行统计分析。上述检查均由2名具有10年以上运动医学工作经验的医师完成,二者意见不一致时,由第3名更高年资运动医学医师评定,最终达成一致意见。

1.5. 统计学方法

采用SPSS22.0统计软件进行分析。计量资料采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验和Q-Q图方法行正态性检验,如符合正态分布,以均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用方差分析,两两比较采用SNK检验;如不符合正态分布,以MQ1Q3)表示,组间比较采用Wilcoxon秩和检验。计数资料组间比较采用列联表卡方检验;等级资料组间比较采用Wilcoxon秩和检验。检验水准α=0.05。

2. 结果

3组术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。患者均获随访,随访时间24~31个月,平均26个月; A、B、C组随访时间分别为27(25,29)、26(25,28)、27(25,28)个月,差异无统计学意义(Z=0.675,P=0.714)。末次随访时,各组膝关节稳定性以及功能相关指标均较术前改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);3组间前抽屉试验、Lachman试验、轴移试验、SSD变化值以及Lysholm评分变化值、Tegner评分变化值和IKDC客观评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);3组患者Kellgren-Lawrence分级、HKA与术前一致。见表2图13

表 2

Comparison of outcome indicators between groups

3组结局指标比较

结局指标
Outcome indicator
A组(n=64)
Group A (n=64)
B组(n=55)
Group B (n=55)
C组(n=41)
Group C (n=41)
P
P value
前抽屉试验(−/1+/2+/3+,例)45/19/0/037/18/0/029/12/0/00.916
Lachman试验(−/1+/2+/3+,例)47/17/0/039/16/0/026/15/0/00.541
轴移试验(−/1+/2+/3+,例)53/11/0/044/11/0/032/9/0/00.825
SSD变化值 [MQ1Q3),mm]3.43(2.39,4.64)3.41(2.29,4.65)3.40(2.14,4.67)0.995
Lysholm评分变化值 [MQ1Q3),分]40.6(25.0,55.3)40.0(25.0,51.0)41.4(28.0,52.0)0.932
Tegner评分变化值 [MQ1Q3),分]0.5(0.0,1.0)0.7(0.0,1.0)0.5(0.0,1.0)0.373
IKDC客观评分(A/B/C/D,例)32/32/0/027/27/1/020/21/0/00.747

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图 1

A 26-year-old male patient with ACL rupture of right knee in group A

A组患者,男,26岁,右侧膝关节ACL断裂

a. 术前双下肢全长X线片示HKA 3°;b、c. 术前膝关节正侧位X线片示Kellgren-Lawrence分级1级;d. 术前MRI示ACL断裂;e. 术后26个月双下肢全长X线片示HKA 3°;f、g. 术后26个月膝关节正侧位X线片示Kellgren-Lawrence分级1级;h. 术后26个月MRI示ACL移植物再血管化良好

a. Preoperative full-length X-ray film of both lower limbs showed that the HKA was 3°; b, c. Preoperative anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films of the knee showed Kellgren-Lawrence grading 1; d. Preoperative MRI showed ACL rupture; e. Full-length X-ray films of both lower limbs at 26 months after operation showed that the HKA was 3°; f, g. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films of the knee at 26 months after operation showed Kellgren-Lawrence grading 1; h. MRI at 26 months after operation showed the good revascularization of the ACL graft

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图 3

A 28-year-old female patient with ACL rupture of left knee in group C

C组患者,女,28岁,左侧膝关节ACL断裂

a. 术前双下肢全长X线片示HKA 7°;b、c. 术前膝关节正侧位X线片示Kellgren-Lawrence分级1级;d. 术前MRI示ACL断裂;e. 术后25个月双下肢全长X线片示HKA 7°;f、g. 术后25个月膝关节正侧位X线片示Kellgren-Lawrence分级1级;h. 术后25个月MRI示ACL移植物再血管化良好

a. Preoperative full-length X-ray film of both lower limbs showed that the HKA was 7°; b, c. Preoperative anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films of the knee showed Kellgren-Lawrence grading 1; d. Preoperative MRI showed ACL rupture; e. Full-length X-ray films of both lower limbs at 25 months after operation showed that the HKA was 7°; f, g. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films of the knee at 25 months after operation showed Kellgren-Lawrence grading 1; h. MRI at 25 months after operation showed the good revascularization of the ACL graft

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图 2

A 38-year-old male patient with ACL rupture of left knee in group B

B组患者,男,38岁,左侧膝关节ACL断裂

a. 术前双下肢全长X线片示HKA 4°;b、c. 术前膝关节正侧位X线片示Kellgren-Lawrence分级2级;d. 术前MRI示ACL断裂;e. 术后28个月双下肢全长X线片示HKA 4°;f、g. 术后28个月膝关节正侧位X线片示Kellgren-Lawrence分级2级;h. 术后28个月MRI示ACL移植物再血管化良好

a. Preoperative full-length X-ray film of both lower limbs showed that the HKA was 4°; b, c. Preoperative anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films of the knee showed Kellgren-Lawrence grading 2; d. Preoperative MRI showed ACL rupture; e. Full-length X-ray films of both lower limbs at 28 months after operation showed that the HKA was 4°; f, g. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films of the knee at 28 months after operation showed Kellgren-Lawrence grading 2; h. MRI at 28 months after operation showed the good revascularization of the ACL graft

3. 讨论

膝内翻会增加ACL移植物应力,但不是所有膝内翻都需要进行矫正[17],为进一步明确膝内翻对疗效的影响以期指导临床治疗术式的选择,我们进行了本次回顾性研究。对于研究对象的选择,我们仅纳入无症状性膝关节骨关节炎以及Kellgren-Lawrence分级≤2级患者,最大程度避免力线对骨关节炎进展的影响,进而影响疗效评价准确性。此外,本研究旨在了解初级膝内翻对ACL重建疗效的影响,因此排除了合并可能造成下肢力线变化因素的患者,如合并下肢其他关节功能障碍、神经肌肉疾病史、双下肢不等长、内/外侧半月板全部切除、外侧盘状半月板撕裂等。也有文献报道当存在慢性ACL功能缺陷时,下肢机械轴线(weigh-bearing line,WBL)<50%的膝内翻可能出现内翻thrust,如果内翻力线未得到纠正,ACL重建后会面临失效风险[418]。本研究3组患者受伤至手术中位时间分别为2.75、3.50、3.50个月,差异亦无统计学意义,避免了慢性ACL功能缺陷继发外侧结构松弛,从而引发内翻thrust对疗效的影响。合并半月板损伤也会影响ACL重建疗效,尤其是内侧半月板Ramp区和外侧半月板后根部损伤[19],在恢复膝关节的前向及旋转稳定性方面具有重要作用。所以本研究也排除了无法修复的外侧半月板后根部损伤患者,3组间合并半月板损伤发生率以及对半月板损伤处理方法均无明显差异,避免了半月板损伤对疗效分析结果的影响。

有文献报道ACL移植物腱-骨愈合过程可能会持续至术后2年[20]。本研究中所有患者随访均超过2年。末次随访时,各组膝关节稳定性以及功能评分均较术前明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),提示对于HKA 0°~9° 的初级膝内翻患者行单纯ACL重建即可有效恢复膝关节功能及稳定性,膝内翻不会影响手术早期疗效,因此不需要对膝内翻进行矫正。van de Pol等[2]的尸体研究表明轻度内翻力线不会显著增加ACL张力。该研究以WBL描述膝内翻程度,WBL通过膝关节中心定义为0、通过胫骨内侧平台中部定义为50%、通过胫骨内侧平台边缘定义为100%。在3种不同程度WBL下,通过施加轴向压缩负荷来测量ACL张力变化和外侧关节间隙开口变化。结果显示仅在WBL为100%、ACL缺失的条件下,内翻thrust明显增加,外侧关节间隙开口显著增加,提示临床有可能需要行HTO进行力线矫正。本研究与上述研究结果相似,伴有较大初级膝内翻(HKA 6°~9°)的C组患者,术后膝关节稳定性及功能评价指标也与A、B组差异无统计学意义。影像学复查结果提示3组患者末次随访时HKA和Kellgren-Lawrence分级均与术前一致,骨关节炎及内翻畸形无明显进展。

综上述,伴初级膝内翻的患者ACL重建术中无需同时行HTO来矫正内翻力线,不同程度初级膝内翻患者术后早期疗效相似。但本研究存在一些局限性。首先,随访时间仍较短。随着术后时间延长,外侧副韧带会因内翻力线变得松弛,可能发展为内翻thrust[11]。另外,膝内翻可能导致内侧间室骨关节炎,影响中、远期疗效,进而造成不同程度膝内翻患者远期疗效可能存在差异。上述问题均有待进一步随访观察明确。其次,术后ACL移植物成熟度缺少关节镜检查,需要进一步完善。

利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突

伦理声明 研究方案经天津市天津医院医学伦理委员会批准(2024医伦审058)

作者贡献声明 任富继:病例资料收集、整理及文章撰写;吴疆、王蕊、赵栋:病例资料收集、整理;黄竞敏:研究设计、文章内容审阅与修改

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

不同程度初级膝内翻对前交叉韧带重建术后早期疗效的影响研究 (2024)
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